When I use X-rays to look at frozen seawater, the amount of sample needed is actually really small! We fill up a tiny tube (called a capillary) that is just 0.5 mm wide and then freeze it.
The small sample keeps the X-rays nice and strong so that the data we collect is really clear. If the X-rays had to pass through too much water then they would lose their strength and would mean the data wouldn’t be very good. This is called attenuation.
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