This is a very tough question to answer, because so many things can cause pain!
If we touch something hot, or are injured in anyway, the first things in our bodies to know about it is our nerves. They react very quickly to sense that something is wrong, and they send this information to the brain up through the spinal cord in our backbones. They release chemicals from the ends of the nerves, which switch on other types of brain cells. These brain cells tell us that there is something wrong, and we feel pain. There are many different types of chemicals that can be released to cause pain, and also there are many other chemicals that are released to stop us from feeling pain! So, there are many different chemical ‘ingredients’ that make us feel pain.
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