Not exactly a single equation, but I’d go with Noether’s theorem.
It’s the most amazing thing that links symmetry (like the fact that it doesn’t matter where you do the experiment in space) with conserved quantities (in this case, that momentum is conserved). It’s the basic idea behind of all modern fundamental physics.
There’s a wikipedia page on it, but it’s a bit technical:
ok – it’s a cliche, but einstein’s mass-energy equivalence is good. it means we can generate energy from the atomic nucleus.
i’m still utterly amazed by it. all you do is dig up some heavy metal (uranium) from the ground and bring them together and they heat up spontaneously. just like the magic rocks in indiana jones.
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