We can see them with telescopes. There are lots of ways of guessing what they’re like – for example, we can use the stars in them to guess how far away they are, or measure how fast they’re rotating by using the Doppler effect. But finding out things about galaxies that are far away is hard, and we’re always coming up with new theories that explain how galaxies work.
There is a limit to how far our telescopes can see too. Telescopes are always getting better and better so we can see further and further and more and more galaxies but there is a fundamental limit to how far we can see. Once we reach that we have no way of finding any more galaxies!
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