Great question!
As scientists have learnt new stuff over the last few hundred years, there have been lots of big advancements, each of which is important.
At the moment, I think that the most important one is being able to sequence DNA in cells because of the implications that this will have in developing new medicines and perhaps eradicating deadly diseases.
The popularisation of scientific thought processes by the ancient Greeks (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle for example). Without this, the scientific industry would not exist.
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