Scientists judge which diseases are most dangerous by how many people’s lives they cut short, or if they survive then how ill they get and whether some effects are permanent. We can collect this data from the monitoring of patients done by hospitals.
In terms of catching these diseases, well, many are genetic, and some are contagious. Flu spreads through coughing and malaria spreads through mosquito bites. Many diseases can be prevented or slowed down by living a healthy lifestyle – standard stuff like eating vegetables and getting regular exercise. But some are in your DNA from the moment you’re born, and there’s not that much we can do about them unfortunately.
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